Helmold

 Helmold of Bosau (c. 1120–1177), a Saxon priest, wrote the Chronica Slavorum in Latin around 1167–1172. It is one of the most important medieval sources about the western Slavs, especially the Wendowie (Wends), the Polabian Slavs living between the Elbe and the Oder rivers. Helmold described their pagan beliefs, political organization, and wars with the Saxons and Danes during the Christianization of the region.

The tribes he mentioned include:

• Obodrites (Obodriti), around Mecklenburg.
• Veleti / Lutici, a federation in what is today Mecklenburg and Brandenburg.
• Rani (Rujani) on the island of Rügen, known for their temple of Svantovit.
• Hevelli (Stodorane) near Brandenburg.
• Pomorzanie (Pomeranians) along the Baltic coast.
• Smaller groups such as the Drevani, Warnabi, and Linonen.

Helmold often portrays them from the Christian missionary viewpoint, sometimes hostile, sometimes admiring their bravery and customs. His chronicle is one of the few surviving accounts of Slavic pagan religion in the Baltic region before conversion.

Razumejemo

Tatiana

Slovianka

Words

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸:
In Polish 🇵🇱, a single lemma can create many surface forms. A noun can have about 14 forms (7 cases × 2 numbers). An adjective can reach 30–60 forms, depending on gender, case, number, and degree. A verb can surpass 100 forms across person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and participles. This means that from a dictionary of about 100,000 lemmas, the total number of distinct forms easily rises into several millions.

Slavic ❊:
V poljskom jezyku 🇵🇱 jedno lema može tvoriti mnogo povrhnyh form. Substantiv može iměti okolo 14 form (7 padežev × 2 čisla). Adjektiv može dosěgnuti 30–60 form, v zavisimosti od roda, padeža, čisla i stupnja. Glagol može prevysiti 100 form črěz osobu, čislo, čas, vid, naklonjenosť i participy. To znači, že iz slovnika s oko 100 000 lemat obče čislo povrhnyh form lěgko idě v několik milionov.

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸:
By comparison, English nouns usually have only 2 forms (singular/plural), adjectives change little, and verbs have 4–5 forms (go, goes, went, gone, going). So even with a larger base vocabulary, the total number of distinct forms in English is smaller. By lemmas, English may be among the biggest; by forms, Polish and other Slavic languages (and Latin, Greek, Sanskrit) can surpass it.

Slavic ❊:
V sravnanju, anglijske substantivy obično imajut tolko 2 formy (jednina/množina), adjektivy malo se měnjajut, a glagoly imajut 4–5 form (go, goes, went, gone, going). Zato daže s většim osnovnym slovnikom obče čislo raznyh form v anglijskoj jezyku je menše. Po lemah anglijski može byti medžu najvěčšimi; po formah poljsky i drugy slovjanske jezyky (takože latinsky, grčsky, sanskritsky) mogut prevysiti go.

Comparison Table

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Slavic ❊	OCS ☦️ Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪
noun	substantiv	imenŭ / имѧнъ	rzeczownik	существительное	imenica
adjective	adjektiv	prilagatelьno / прилагатєльно	przymiotnik	прилагательное	pridjev
verb	glagol	glagolŭ / глаголъ	czasownik	глагол	glagol
form	forma	forma / форма	forma	форма	forma
case	padež	padežŭ / падежъ	przypadek	падеж	padež
lemma	lema	lemma / лемма	lemma	лемма	lema
language	jezyk	językŭ / ѩзыкъ	język	язык	jezik
people	ljudi	ľudě / людє	ludzie	люди	ljudi
heritage	naslědstvo	naslědstvo / наслѣдьство	dziedzictwo	наследие	naslijeđe

The Dual in Slavic Languages

The Dual in Slavic Languages

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸:
The dual number was once a living part of all Slavic languages, inherited from Proto-Indo-European ☸️. It was used when speaking specifically about two things, distinct from singular (one) and plural (three or more). Old Church Slavonic ☦️ preserves it most clearly, and today traces survive in Slovene 🇸🇮 and Sorbian. Interslavic ❊ also reconstructs the dual, making it visible for modern readers of pan-Slavic texts.

Slavic ❊:
Dvojno čislo bylo raz živo v vsih slovjanskyh jezykah, nasledovano iz praindoevropejskogo ☸️. Ono služilo kogda my govorimo specifično o dvěh věčah, različno od jednine (jedno) i množiny (tri ili više). Staroslovjansky jezyk ☦️ najjasnějše ho pokazuje, i dnes ostatki živut v slovenski 🇸🇮 i serbskolužicki. Interslavjansky tež rekonstruuje dvojno, da by byl vidimy za modernyh čitateljov panslavjanskyh tekstov.

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Slavic ❊ (Interslavic)	OCS ☦️ Latin / Cyrillic	Slovene 🇸🇮	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪
we two go	my dva iděva	iděva / идѣва	midva greva	idziemy we dwoje	идём вдвоём	idemo nas dvoje
you two go	vy dva iděta	iděta / идѣта	vidva gresta	idziecie we dwoje	идёте вдвоём	idete vas dvoje
they two go	oni dva iděta	iděta / идѣта	onadva gresta	idą we dwoje	идут вдвоём	idu onadvoje
we two are	my dva jesva	věsva / вѣсва	midva sva	jesteśmy we dwoje	мы вдвоём есть	smo nas dvoje
you two are	vy dva jeste	věsta / вѣста	vidva sta	jesteście we dwoje	вы вдвоём есть	ste vas dvoje
they two are	oni dva jeste	věsta / вѣста	onadva sta	są we dwoje	они вдвоём есть	su onadvoje
we two give	my dva dáváva	dadova / дадова	midva dava	dajemy we dwoje	даём вдвоём	dajemo nas dvoje
you two give	vy dva dávata	dadota / дадота	vidva data	dacie we dwoje	даёте вдвоём	dajete vas dvoje
they two give	oni dva dávata	dadota / дадота	onadva data	dają we dwoje	дают вдвоём	daju onadvoje

A Forgotten Slavic Chapter in Early Romanian History

Introduction

English:
Slavic languages, including Proto-Slavic, left a deep imprint on Romanian and Moldovan. This influence came in several waves: first, early contact between Proto-Slavs and the ancestors of Romanians in the 5th–6th centuries AD; then South Slavic and Old Church Slavonic (9th–10th c.) during the medieval period; and finally Russian loans in Moldova during the 20th century. The Slavic heritage is visible not only in common words but also in place names across the Carpathian–Danube lands. In the 18th and 19th centuries, intellectuals of the Transylvanian School attempted a “re-Latinization” of Romanian, replacing some Slavic terms with Latin and French neologisms, but the deepest Slavic layer remained untouched.

Slavic (Latin):
Slovjanske jezyky, vključno s Proto-Slovjanskim, ostavili glęboki znak v romun’skom i moldavskom jezyku. To vplyvanje prišlo v nekoliko hvòljah: ranno kontakt meždu Proto-Slavi i předki Rumunov v ranno sredněvěku; potèm južno-slavjanski i staro-cerkovno-slavjanski vplyv v sredněvèkovom časě; i v XX věku ruski sloj v Moldaviji. Slovjanska dědičstvo je vidlivo ne tolko v obično slovah, no i v toponymiji Karpat’sko-Dunajskogo kraja. V XVIII i XIX věku učenici Transilvanskej školy naměrili “re-latinizaciju” romun’skogo jezyka, zaměnjajųči čest slov s latinskymi i francuzskymi neologizmami, no najglębši sloj slovjanski ostal nedotknuty.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Словианскыє єзыкы, включно съ Прото-Словианскимъ, оставили глѫбокыи знакъ въ румуньскомъ и молдавьскомъ єзыку. То вліянїє пришло въ нѣсколько хволѧхъ: ранныи контактъ межю Прото-Славы и предкы Румуновъ въ ранно-среднѣвѣку; потомъ южно-славианскыи и староцерковно-славианскыи вліянїє въ среднѣвѣковомъ часѣ; и въ XX вѣцѣ русскыи слой въ Молдавіи. Словианско дѣдићство є видливо не тольно въ обыкновенныхъ словахъ, но и въ топонимиї Карпатско-Дунайскога края. Въ XVIII и XIX вѣцѣ ученици Трансильванскои школы намѣрили “ре-латинизацїю” румуньскога єзыка, замѣняющи часть словъ съ латиньскыми и францужьскыми неологизмами, но наиглѫбшии слой словианскыи осталъ недотркнуты.

Words of Proto-Slavic origin

English:
Many everyday Romanian and Moldovan words go back directly to Proto-Slavic.

Romanian 🇷🇴	English	Proto-Slavic Root
a iubi	to love	*ljubiti
dragă	dear	*dorgŭ
nevastă	wife	*nevěsta
prieten	friend	*prijateljĭ
slab	weak	*slabŭ
a trăi	to live	*trajati
nevoie	need	*nevolja
boală	sickness	*bolь
bolnav	sick	*bolьnavъ
sută	one hundred	*sъto
hrană	food	*xrana
a plăti	to pay	*platiti
gard	fence	*gordъ
a sfârși	to finish	*sъvъršiti
duh	spirit	*duxъ
rai	paradise	*rajь

Agricultural and Environmental Terms

Romanian 🇷🇴	English	Proto-Slavic Root
baltă	pond, swamp	*bolto
brazdă	furrow	*bōrzdà
ogor	field	*ogorъ
măgură	hillock	*magula
stână	sheepfold	*stanъ
smântână	sour cream	*smьntana
cocostârc	stork	*kokostьrkъ
mac	poppy	*makъ
zăpadă	snow	*zapada

Place Names with Slavic Roots

English:
Ancient place names usually last the longest. Rivers, towns, and counties preserve Slavic etymologies that tell of early settlement and cultural blending.

Place	Region	Origin
Bistrița	Romania	bystrica, bystrъ = fast, clear river
Cernavodă	Romania	čьrnъ + vodâ = black water
Craiova	Romania	kraljev = royal
Dâmbovița	Romania	dǫbŭ = oak
Dolj	Romania	dol + Jiu = lower Jiu valley
Gorj	Romania	gora + Jiu = mountain Jiu
Ialomița	Romania	jalov = barren
Prahova	Romania	prahŭ = dust, ash
Reșița	Romania	rečica = little river
Slatina	Romania	slatina = salty spring
Slobozia	Romania	slobozia = free village
Snagov	Romania	snegŭ = snow
Moldova	Moldova	see below
Dubăsari	Moldova	*dǫbъ* (oak) + *-sarъ* (maker)
Ialoveni	Moldova	jalov = barren
Rîbnița	Moldova	ribnica = fish pond
Soroca	Moldova	sroka = magpie
Slobozia	Moldova	slobozia, sloboda = free settlement

Clarification: Etymology of Moldova

English:
The name Moldova comes from the Moldova River. The river’s own etymology is disputed. Some scholars propose a hydronym meaning “dark/soiled” as a typical river descriptor, while others suggest a Slavic-shaped formation with the common toponymic suffix -ova. The base mold- remains uncertain and is falsely attested as “spruce/fir” in Slavic. A careful wording is: the name is from the river; the river’s etymology is debated; several proposals exist, none universally accepted.

Slavic (Latin):
Ime Moldova pridojde od rěky Moldova. Sama etimologija rěky je sporna. Někto predklada hydronim s smyslom “temna/zbrydžena voda”, drugi vidęt slovjansku formaciju s običnoju toponymičnoju sufiksu -ova. Osnova mold- ostava nejistna i ne jest dobro svidočena kako “smrěka/jel’” v slovjanskih jezykah. Zato bezpečna formulacija glasi: ime od rěky; etimologija rěky je predmet sporov; su razne teorije bez všeobčego prijetja.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Име Молдова происходи от рѣкы Молдова. Сама етимологїя рѣкы єсть спорна. Нѣктори предкладаютъ гидронимъ со смыслом “тёмна/загрязнена вода”, други видѧтъ славианску формацїю съ обычнымъ топонимичьнымъ суффиксомъ -ова. Основа молд- остава неясна и не єсть добро свидочена яко “смрѣка/єль” въ славианскихъ єзыкахъ. Безопасно формуловати так: име от рѣкы; етимологїя рѣкы спорна; сушчєствуютъ разны теорїи без общаго принятїя.

Placename Slavic parallels to Moldova:

• Bucovina ← Slavic buk “beech” + -ovina “land, area” → “beech land”.
• Dubrava / Dobrava / Dąbrowa ← Proto-Slavic dǫb “oak” → “oak grove”, widely attested across Slavic regions.

Conclusion

English:
The early Slavs, starting after the 5th century A.D., and later South Slavic and Old Church Slavonic influences, gave Romania and Moldova one of the richest layers of Slavic vocabulary outside the Slavic world itself. The movement (18th–19th c.) aimed to "purify" Romanian from perceived Slavic and Hungarian influences by replacing loanwords with neologisms (e.g., pământ "land" instead of Slavic-derived zemă). The 19th-century re-Latinization could not erase the deep Proto-Slavic words or the place names still spoken by the land. Even today, Romanians say a iubi, prieten, nevoie, walk along rivers called Bistrița and Prahova, and live with a cultural heritage where Latin and Slavic intertwine.

Jama

 

Interslavic (Latin):

Dobro strojstvo, děkuju, to jest tolko za veselje. Nedostatȯk čisteho vozduha ubil by tebe so vsu toj ogonj v jamě. Doždž by sdelal jezero, i ono jest slěpko ųzko, da by spal ili stajal, no ja vęselil se tvojej raboty.

Interslavic (Cyrillic):

Добро стројство, дѣкују, то ѥсть толко за весельѥ. Недостатȯкъ чистего воздухa убилъ бы тебе съ всу той огонь въ јамѣ. Дождь бы сдѣлалъ језеро, и оно ѥсть слѣпко узко, да бы спалъ или стојалъ, но ја весѣлилъ се твојеј работы.

LLM

In this post, I am exploring how Interslavic could be applied to technical writing.
I wrote about my choice of Large Language Model (LLM) on macOS in the LM Studio software.
Please let me know how you feel about it. My opinion is that we should use Slavic for a common language, but do NOT translate standard technical terms like Mac to Mak, which only confuses technical readers.

English:
If you want one simple choice that feels smart, responsive, and fits on a Mac with 64 GB RAM, pick Mistral-Small-3.2-24B-Instruct-2506 in q8 format. It is a compact, high quality build that handles long documents and gives clear, useful answers without slowing your laptop to a crawl.

Think of q8 as a careful compression of the model. You keep almost all the quality, use far less memory, and get faster replies than the full uncompressed version. If you work with very large notes or codebases, this model’s long context lets it follow the thread across many pages.

If you prefer extra speed over maximum accuracy, keep a smaller 12B model on hand for quick tasks, and load the 24B only when you need top quality. For most people, the 24B q8 is the best everyday default.

Slavic (Latin):
Ako hočeš jednu prostu volbu, ktora čuti se mudra, odzývna i vměšča se na Mak s 64 GB RAM, izberi Mistral-Small-3.2-24B-Instruct-2506 v q8 formatu. To jest kompaktna, vysoko-kakovna izrabotka, ktora dobro spravlja se s velikymi dokumentami i dava jasne, korisne otvěty bez togo da ne zpomaljaje tvoj prenosnik.

Dumaj o q8 kak o ostorožnom stiskanji modela. Sohraniš počti vsu kakovosť, potrěbuješ mnogo menje paměti i polučaš bystre otvěty, než polny nestisnuty obraz. Ako raboťeš s velmi velikymi zapisami ili s kodovymi bazami, dlgo kontekstno okno modela dovoljuje sledovati niť črěz mnogo stranic.

Ako prědpočiťaješ ekstra skorosť nad maksimalnu točnosť, derži menši 12B model za bystre zadači, a 24B zagružaj tolko kogda potrěbna najvyša kakovosť. Za věčinu ljudi, 24B q8 jest najlepši povsedny izbor.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Ако хочеш єдну просту волбу, ктора чути се мудра, отзывна и вмѣща се на Мак съ 64 GB RAM, избери Mistral-Small-3.2-24B-Instruct-2506 въ q8 формату. То єст компактна, высоко-каковна изработка, ктора добро справля се съ великими документами и дава ясне, корисне отвѣты без того да не замедляє твой преносник.

Думай о q8 как о осторожном стисканї модели. Сохраниш почти всю каковость, потрѣбуєш много менѣ памяти и получаш быстры отвѣты, нѣж полны нестиснуты образ. Ако работєш съ вельми великими записами или съ кодовыми базами, долго контекстно окно модели дозволя слѣдовати нить чрѣз много страниц.

Ако прѣдпочиташ екстра скорость над максималну точность, держи меншы 12B модел за быстры задачи, а 24B загружай толькo когда потребна наивыша каковость. За вѣчину люди, 24B q8 єст найлепши повседны избор.

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic (latin / cyrillic)	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
choice	izbor / избор	wybór	выбор	вибір	izbor	изборъ
smart (wise)	mudry / мудры	mądry	мудрый	мудрий	mudar	мѫдрый
responsive	odzývny / отзывны	żwawy	отзывчивый	відгукливий	odazivan	отвѣтливъ
fit (to fit)	vměščati se / вмѣщати се	mieścić się	вмещаться	вміщатися	smjestiti se	вмѣщатися
compression	stiskanje / стисканє	ściśnięcie	сжатие	стискання	stiskanje	съжатиє
memory	paměť / памѧть	pamięć	память	пам’ять	pamćenje	памѧть
speed	skorosť / скорость	prędkość	скорость	швидкість	brzina	скорость
accuracy	točnosť / точность	dokładność	точность	точність	tačnost	точьностъ
answer	otvěť / отвѣт	odpowiedź	ответ	відповідь	odgovor	отвѣтъ
page	stranica / страница	strona	страница	сторінка	stranica	страница
note	zapiska / записка	notatka, zapiska	записка	нотатка	bilješka, zapis	записка
work (to work)	rabotati / работати	pracować	работать	працювати	raditi	работати
thread (metaphor)	nić / нить	nić	нить	нитка	nit	нить
quality	kakovosť / каковость	jakość	качество	якість	kvalitet	доброта
long	dĺgy / длъгы	długi	длинный	довгий	dug	дълъгъ
small	maly / малы	mały	малый	малий	mali	малъ
default (habitual)	povsedny izbor / повседны избор	domyślny	по умолчанию	типовий	podrazumevani	по обычаю

Obźnki

Obźnki: Slavic End of Summer Celebration

English:
At the end of summer, the Slavic villages would gather to celebrate Obźnki, the feast of the harvest. This was the time when the fields were emptied of grain, sheep returned from the high mountains, and the fruits of the forest and orchard filled baskets—red rowan berries, apples, and wild berries. People thanked the gods for their blessings, danced in circles, and sang songs of joy and gratitude. It was a festival of life, community, and renewal, marking the end of one cycle and the beginning of preparation for winter.

Slavic (Latin):
Na kraj leta, v selah ljudie sobirali se, da by slaviti Obźnki, prazdnik žnivy. Polja stali pusto po sbore zborza, ovce vracali se iz gor, a koši napolnili se jagodami, jabłkami i czervonoju jažębinoju. Ljudie blagodarili bohov, vděčno pojut i tancujut v kole. To byl prazdnik žitja, zajednosti i obnovy, konec jedneho cikla i začętek pripravy na zimu.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
На крај лета, въ селахъ људиѥ събирали се, да бы славити Обжнки, праздникъ жнивы. Поля стали пусто по съборѣ зборза, овце врацали се изъ горъ, а коши наполнили се ягодами, јаблками и червоноју јажѧбиноју. Људи благодарили боговъ, вѣдечно појутъ и танцуютъ въ колѣ. То былъ праздникъ житја, заједности и обновы, конецъ једного цикла и зачетекъ припраѵы на зиму.

Harvest Poem

Slavic (Latin):
Na kraJ leta, v selu zvonja,
OBŹNKI slavjat vsaka strona.
CZERvona jažębina v lesu gori,
Děvky pojut, solnce žari.

JAgoDY sladke, JABłka v sadě,
ZBORzA v kladah, polja v radě.
OVCE s gory v dol vratajut,
Pastuši rogi glasno zvanjut.

Kolo tanec, směh i pjesnja,
Serdce radost, duša česna.
Žnivy končeny, blagodar bozi,
Život cvěte v ljudskoj slozi.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
На краЈ лета, в селу звонја,
ОБЖНКИ славјат всяка страна.
ЧЕРвона јажѧбина в лесу гори,
Дѣвкы појут, солнце жари.

ЈАгодЫ сладке, ЈАБлка в садѣ,
ЗБОРза в кладах, поля в радѣ.
ОВЦЕ съ горы въ долъ вратајут,
Пастуши роги гласно звонјут.

Коло танец, смѣх и пѣснја,
Сердце радост, душа честна.
Жнивы кончены, благодар бози,
Живот цвѣте в людској слози.

Comparison Table of Key Words

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
harvest	žniva / жнива	żniwa	жатва	жнива	žetva	жътва
rowan	rębina or jažębina / јажѧбина	jarzębina	рябина	горобина	jarebika	рѧбина
apple	jabłko / јаблко	jabłko	яблоко	яблуко	jabuka	јаблъко
grain	zborzo / зборзо	zboże	зерно	зерно	žito	жито
sheep	ovca / овца	owca	овца	вівця	ovca	овьца
song	pjesnja / пѣснја	pieśń	песня	пісня	pjesma	пѣснь
dance	tanec / танец	taniec	танец	танець	ples	таньць

The word for rowan (mountain ash) has two major families of forms in the Slavic world:

1. **Proto-Slavic root orьbina / rębina

• From PIE ☸️ *h₁er- “red, ruddy.”

• Old Church Slavonic: рѧбина (rębina).

• East and South Slavic languages preserved this:

• Russian 🇷🇺 рябина

• Ukrainian 🇺🇦 горобина (with prefix goro- “mountain”)

• Serbian/Croatian 🇷🇸🇭🇷 jarebika (later development, with ja- prothetic).

2. West Slavic (Lechitic) development

• In Polish 🇵🇱 the rę- turned into jażę- due to a combination of prothesis (adding j- before front vowels) and nasal vowel development.

• So Proto-Slavic rębina → Polish jarzębina.

• Czech 🇨🇿 has jeřáb (rowan), same root but shortened.

• Slovak 🇸🇰 jarabina.

Have

Verb Table: “to have”

English:
Here is how the verb “to have” is conjugated in different Slavic languages. Notice how close the forms are — only Polish uses a different root (mieć) but still follows the same idea. Students can see that Interslavic connects the languages together.

Person	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
I	ja imȯm / ја имȯм	ja mam	у меня есть (lit. “by me is”)	я маю	ja imam	азъ имамъ
you (sg.)	ty imaš / ты имаш	ty masz	у тебя есть	ти маєш	ti imaš	ты имаши
he / she	on/ona ima / он/она има	on/ona ma	у него/неё есть	він/вона має	on/ona ima	онъ/она имать
we	my imajemo / мы имајемо	my mamy	у нас есть	ми маємо	mi imamo	мы имамъ
you (pl.)	vy imate / вы имате	wy macie	у вас есть	ви маєте	vi imate	вы имате
they	oni imajut / они имајут	oni mają	у них есть	вони мають	oni imaju	они имать

Lesson: “I have, you have, she has…”

English:
This lesson uses the verb “to have” in Interslavic with a broad set of native Slavic nouns. The sentences are short, clear, and repetitive, so children and students can quickly memorize them. By practicing, they will not only learn the forms of the verb but also absorb more than thirty core words of Slavic heritage: family members, nature, animals, food, and everyday things. These are words that Proto-Slavs already knew, and their descendants still use today in almost unchanged form.

Interslavic (ABČŽ):
Glagol iměti (“to have”) sklanja se takto:
Ja imȯm – I have
Ty imaš – You have
On/ona ima – He/she has
My imajemo – We have
Vy imate – You (plural) have
Oni imajut – They have

Interslavic (Cyrillic):
Глагол имѣти (“to have”) склонја се тако:
Ја имȯм – I have
Ты имаш – You have
Он/она има – He/she has
Мы имајемо – We have
Вы имате – You (plural) have
Они имајут – They have

Practice Sentences

English:
Here are simple sentences. Each one teaches a new noun. Try reading them aloud and repeating them with your family or friends.

Interslavic (ABČŽ):
Ja imȯm brata. (I have a brother)
Ty imaš sestru. (You have a sister)
On ima otca. (He has a father)
Ona ima mater. (She has a mother)
Ja imȯm syna. (I have a son)
Ty imaš dȯćeŕ. (You have a daughter)
Ona ima dědu. (She has a grandfather)
On ima babu. (He has a grandmother)
My imajemo dom. (We have a house)
Oni imajut grad. (They have a town)
Ja imȯm selo. (I have a village)
Ty imaš knigu. (You have a book)
Ona ima pismo. (She has a letter)
On ima ognь. (He has a fire)
Ja imȯm vodu. (I have water)
Ty imaš vino. (You have wine)
On ima konja. (He has a horse)
Ona ima psa. (She has a dog)
My imajemo kota. (We have a cat)
Oni imajut ovcu. (They have a sheep)
Ja imȯm hleb. (I have bread)
Ty imaš męso. (You have meat)
On ima rybu. (He has a fish)
Ona ima med. (She has honey)
My imajemo moloko. (We have milk)
Ja imȯm pole. (I have a field)
Ty imaš drěvo. (You have a tree)
On ima cvět. (He has a flower)
Ona ima sȯlnce. (She has the sun)
My imajemo lunu. (We have the moon)
Oni imajut nebo. (They have the sky)

Interslavic (Cyrillic):
Ја имȯм брат.
Ты имаш сестру.
Он има отца.
Она има матерь.
Ја имȯм сына.
Ты имаш дȯћерь.
Она има дѣду.
Он има бабу.
Мы имајемо дом.
Они имајут град.
Ја имȯм село.
Ты имаш книгу.
Она има письмо.
Он има огнь.
Ја имȯм воду.
Ты имаш вино.
Он има коня.
Она има пса.
Мы имајемо кота.
Они имајут овцу.
Ја имȯм хлѣб.
Ты имаш мѧсо.
Он има рыбу.
Она има мёд.
Мы имајемо молоко.
Ја имȯм поле.
Ты имаш дрѣво.
Он има цвѣт.
Она има солнце.
Мы имајемо луну.
Они имајут небо.

Vocabulary Table

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
brother	brat / брат	brat	брат	брат	brat	братъ
sister	sestrа / сестра	siostra	сестра	сестра	sestra	сестра
father	otcь / отец	ojciec	отец	батько	otac	отьць
mother	mater / матерь	matka	мать	мати	majka	мать
son	syn / сын	syn	сын	син	sin	сынъ
daughter	dȯćeŕ / дȯћерь	córka	дочь	дочка	kći	дъщи
grandfather	děd / дѣд	dziad	дед	дід	djed	дѣдъ
grandmother	baba / баба	babka	бабушка	баба	baba	баба
house	dom / дом	dom	дом	дім	dom	домъ
town	grad / град	gród	город	город	grad	градъ
village	selo / село	wieś	село	село	selo	село
book	kniga / книга	księga/książka	книга	книга	knjiga	книга
letter	pismo / письмо	pismo	письмо	лист	pismo	письмо
fire	ognь / огнь	ogień	огонь	вогонь	ognj	огнь
water	voda / вода	woda	вода	вода	voda	вода
wine	vino / вино	wino	вино	вино	vino	вино
horse	konj / конь	koń	конь	кінь	konj	конь
dog	pes / пес	pies	пёс	пес	pas	пьсъ
cat	kot / кот	kot	кот	кіт	kot	котъ
sheep	ovca / овца	owca	овца	вівця	ovca	овьца
bread	hleb / хлѣб	chleb	хлеб	хліб	hleb	хлѣбъ
meat	męso / мѧсо	mięso	мясо	м’ясо	meso	мѧсо
fish	ryba / рыба	ryba	рыба	риба	riba	рыба
honey	med / мёд	miód	мёд	мед	med	медъ
milk	moloko / молоко	mleko	молоко	молоко	mlijeko	млѣко
field	pole / поле	pole	поле	поле	polje	поле
tree	drěvo / дрѣво	drzewo	дерево	дерево	drvo	древо
flower	cvět / цвѣт	kwiat	цвет	цвіт	cvijet	цвѣтъ
sun	sȯlnce / солнце	słońce	солнце	сонце	sunce	солньце
moon	luna / луна	luna	луна	місяць	luna	лъна
sky	nebo / небо	niebo	небо	небо	nebo	небо

• Ja imȯm brata. (I have a brother)
• Ty imaš sestru. (You have a sister)
• On ima otca. (He has a father)
• Ona ima mater. (She has a mother)
• Ja imȯm syna. (I have a son)
• Ty imaš dȯćeŕ. (You have a daughter)
• Ona ima dědu. (She has a grandfather)
• On ima babu. (He has a grandmother)
• My imajemo dom. (We have a house)
• Oni imajut grad. (They have a town)
• Ja imȯm selo. (I have a village)
• Ty imaš knigu. (You have a book)
• Ona ima pismo. (She has a letter)
• On ima ognь. (He has a fire)
• Ja imȯm vodu. (I have water)
• Ty imaš vino. (You have wine)
• On ima konja. (He has a horse)
• Ona ima psa. (She has a dog)
• My imajemo kota. (We have a cat)
• Oni imajut ovcu. (They have a sheep)
• Ja imȯm hleb. (I have bread)
• Ty imaš męso. (You have meat)
• On ima rybu. (He has a fish)
• Ona ima med. (She has honey)
• My imajemo moloko. (We have milk)
• Ja imȯm pole. (I have a field)
• Ty imaš drěvo. (You have a tree)
• On ima cvět. (He has a flower)
• Ona ima sȯlnce. (She has the sun)
• My imajemo lunu. (We have the moon)
• Oni imajut nebo. (They have the sky)

Lingua_Slavica

Lingua Slavica: Can Interslavic Become the Latin of the Slavic World?

English:
English has become the common world language, yet it is inconsistent in both vocabulary and grammar, full of exceptions and foreign borrowings. It unites people practically, but it does not feel like heritage to Slavic peoples. Interslavic, however, offers something unique: a consistent, logical grammar, a shared vocabulary rooted in Proto-Slavic, and neutrality between nations. It could become a Lingua Slavica, playing the same role that Latin once played in Europe or that Modern Standard Arabic plays across the Arab world.

Slavic (Latin):
Anglijsky jezyk jest dnes globalny, no on jest neporedny v slovo-skladu i gramatici, polny iznimkov i zajmov iz inih jezykov. On jest prakticny most, ale ne jest dědičstvo za Slovanov. Jezyk mežuslovjansky, v drugu stranu, daje unikatnu vozmožnost: jednota v korěnjah, stroga i logična gramatika, i neutralnost medžu narodami. On može stani Lingua Slavica, taka sama kak Latin v Europě ili Sovremenny Arabski v Arabskom světu.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Английскы єзык єсть днесь глобалны, но онъ єсть непорядны въ слово-складу и граматикѣ, полны изнимковъ и зајмовъ изъ иныхъ єзыковъ. Онъ єсть практичны мостъ, але не єсть дѣдиčство за Словянъ. Єзыкъ межусловјанскы, въ другу страну, даје унїкатну возможность: єдноту въ корѣнјахъ, строгу и логичну граматику, и неутралностъ межю народами. Онъ може стати Lingua Slavica, така сама какъ Латинъ въ Европѣ или Современы Арабскы въ Арабскомъ свѣту.

High and Low: A Diglossia Model for the Slavic World

English:
Arabic provides an inspiring example. Arabs speak local dialects at home but use Modern Standard Arabic in writing, religion, news, and education. Slavs could live with a similar diglossia: Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, Ukrainian for everyday life; Interslavic for literature, academia, and shared cultural identity. This would not replace national languages, but elevate a neutral, common layer above them. Such a system once existed—Old Church Slavonic united Slavs in worship for centuries. Interslavic could be the modern continuation of that heritage.

Slavic (Latin):
Arabski svět daje inspiraciju. Arabove govorjat dialekty doma, no pišu, učat i moljat se v Sovremennom Arabskoj. Slované mogli by živeti v podobnoj diglosiji: rusky, polsky, česky, serbsky, ukrajinsky za povsedny život; mežuslovjansky za literaturu, nauku i obšču identitu. To ne by zaměnilo narodny jezyky, no povýšilo by neutralny sloj nad nimi. Takovy system už suščestvoval — Staroslovjansky jezyk jedinol Slovanov v věre vekami. Mežuslovjansky može byti modernym prodolženjem togo dědičstva.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Арабскы свѣтъ даје инспирацију. Арабове говорятъ діалекты дома, но пишутъ, учатъ и молјатъ се въ Современномъ Арабскомъ. Словѣне могли бы живѣти въ подобној диглосїи: рускы, польскы, чєскы, сербскы, украjинскы за повседны животъ; межусловјанскы за литературу, науку и обшчу идентиту. То не бы замѣнило народны єзыкы, но повысло бы неутралны слой надъ ними. Таковы системъ ужъ суштєствовалъ — Старословѣнскы єзыкъ єдинилъ Словянъ въ вѣрѣ вѣками. Межусловјанскы може быти модернымъ продолженїємъ того дѣдиčства.

Interslavic as a Root Language in Education

English:
Studying Interslavic can improve the understanding of national languages. For Polish students, it explains why cases and endings behave the way they do. For Russians, it reveals the roots behind their vocabulary. For Czechs or Croats, it shows patterns that extend across the whole family. In this sense, Interslavic is like Latin for Romance speakers or like reading Shakespeare for English students. It brings depth and perspective, not daily speech, and it cultivates respect for shared heritage.

Slavic (Latin):
Studij mežuslovjanskogo može ulěpšiti razuměnje narodnyh jezykov. Za Poljakov, on pokaže začto padeži i okončanja sut taki, jaki sut. Za Rusov, odkryva korěnje slova. Za Čehov ili Horvatov, ukaže obšču model, ktora pokryva celu jezyčnu rodinu. V tom smyslu, mežuslovjansky jest kako Latin za Romanov, ili kak Shakespeare za Anglijsky studentov. On daje glębinu i perspektivu, ne povsednu govoricu, i učit poštovanje k dědičstvu.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Студїй межусловјанского може улѣпшити разумѣнїе народныхъ єзыковъ. За Поляковъ, онъ покаже зачто падежи и окончанїа суть таки, јакі суть. За Русовъ, откръва корѣнє слова. За Чеховъ или Хорватовъ, покаже общу модель, ктора покрыва цѣлу єзычну родину. Въ томъ смыслу, межусловјанскы єсть яко Латинъ за Романъ, или јако Шекспиръ за Английскы студентъ. Онъ даје глѣбину и перспективу, не повседну говорицу, и учить поштаванїе къ дѣдиčству.

The Role of News, Poetry, and AI

English:
If Interslavic becomes a medium for news and literature, its prestige will grow. Imagine a daily newspaper written in Lingua Slavica, readable in Poland, Serbia, Ukraine, or Czechia without translation. Imagine translations of Puškin, Mickiewicz, Prešeren, and Shevchenko into a single common language of Slavs. With the help of large language models, translations and grammar corrections can be automated, ensuring stability and consistency. In the digital age, what once took centuries of monks copying manuscripts could be achieved in months.

Slavic (Latin):
Ako mežuslovjansky stane medium za noviny i literaturu, jeho prestiž vyroste. Voobrazi sebe dnevne gazety pisane v Lingua Slavica, čitajeme v Poljši, Serbii, Ukrajině ili Čehii bez preklada. Voobrazi prevody Puškina, Mickjeviča, Prešerena i Ševčenka v edinom jezyku Slovanov. S pomoću velikyh jezykovyh modelov prevody i gramatične korekciji mogu byti avtomatizovane, garantujuči stabilnost i konzistentnost. V digitalnoj epoce, što monahy robili vekami, može byti dokončeno v měsecih.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Ако межусловјанскы стане медиумъ за новины и литературу, єго престижъ вырасте. Вообрази себе дневне газеты писане въ Lingua Slavica, читайемы въ Польши, Сербїи, Украјинѣ или Чехїи безъ преклада. Вообрази преводы Пушкина, Мицкєвича, Прешерена и Шевченка въ єдиномъ єзыку Словянъ. Съ помощю великыхъ єзыковыхъ моделъ преводы и граматичнє корекциї могутъ быти автоматизованы, гарантуючи стабилностъ и консистентностъ. Въ дигиталной эпоце, што монахи робили вѣками, може быти докончено въ мѣсєцѣхъ.

Word Comparison Table

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
news	noviny / новины	nowiny	новости	новини	novine	новина
poetry	poezija / поезїя	poezja	поэзия	поезія	poezija	поэзіѧ
literature	literatura / литература	literatura	литература	література	književnost (lit.)	лїтература
language	jezyk / єзык	język	язык	мова (язик)	jezik	ѩзыкъ
heritage	dědičstvo / дѣдиčство	dziedzictwo	наследие	спадщина	nasljeđe	наслѣдїє
common	obščy / общы	wspólny	общий	спільний	opšti	общь

Conclusion

English:
Interslavic has the potential to be more than a traveler’s tool. It can become a Lingua Slavica, a cultural standard that unites Slavs just as Latin once united Europe and Arabic unites the Arab world. With education, literature, and digital media, it can enter public life, not replacing national tongues but enriching them. As a subject of study, it helps understand national languages more deeply. As a medium of poetry and news, it offers a shared identity. And with AI, its spread can be faster than Latin or Arabic ever achieved. The question is not whether it is possible, but whether we choose to use it.

Slavic (Latin):
Mežuslovjansky može byti bolěje čem putničsko orudje. On može stati Lingua Slavica, kulturny standard, ktory jedini Slovanov tako kak Latin jedinol Evropu i Arabski jedini Arabov. S pomoću učenja, literatury i digitalnyh mediumov, on može vojti v žitje, ne zaměnjajuči narodnyh jezykov, ale obogatjajuči jih. Kako predmet studija, on pomaga lučše razuměti narodny jezyky. Kako medium poezii i novin, on daje obšču identitu. I s pomoću AI, jeho rasprostranjenje može byti bystreje, než kogda-libo Latin ili Arabski. Pytanje ne jest da-li, no jest či hočemo jeho koristiti.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Межусловјанскы може быти болѣје чємъ путничско орѫдїє. Онъ може стати Lingua Slavica, културны стандартъ, кторы једини Словянъ тако јако Латинъ јединилъ Европу и Арабскы јединилъ Арабовъ. Съ помощю ученїја, литературѣ и дигиталныхъ медїумовъ, онъ може войти въ житїє, не замѣняјући народныхъ єзыковъ, але обогащајући ихъ. Јако предметъ студїја, онъ помага лѫчше разумѣти народны єзыкы. Јако медиумъ поезїи и новинъ, онъ даје общу идентиту. И съ помощю AI, єго распространенїє може быти быстѣје, нѣжъ когдa-либо Латинъ или Арабскы. Питанїє не єсть дали, но єсть чі хочемо єго користати.

Bogurodzica

In this post, I am using the excellent video of Bugurodzica by @PolishSound and reconstructing how it would have sounded at the beginning of the historic Polish nation in 966 A.D., when Christianity was introduced from Czech/Moravia. Then I compare it with InterSlavic (common Slavic), which is practically the same, as all pre-Christian Slavic nations spoke the same language.

Please note that in early Polish, modern Czech, Moravian, Slovak, and Góralski, the accent stress is on the first syllable.  

Old Polish, ~1410 A.D. Grunwald battle
(Polish shifting toward penultimate stress)

BOguROdziCA, DZIEwiCA,
BOgiem sławiEna MAria,
U TWEgo SYna GospoDZIna,
MAtko zwoLEna MAria.
ZYszczy NAM, spUści NAM,
KYrie eLEison.

TWEgo DZiela KrzciciELA, BOżycze,
USłysz GŁOsy, naPEłń MYśli człoWIEcze.
SŁYsz modliTWĘ, JĄż noSIMy,
A DAć RAczy, JEGoż proSIMy:
A na ŚWIEcie ZBOżny PObyt,
Po ŻYwoCIE RAjski PRZEbyt.
KYrie eLEison.

 

Early Polish, ~XI c. (similar to early Moravian)
(First-syllable accent, like Czech, Slovak, Góralski)

BOgoROdica, DĚvica, BOgom SLAvljena MArija,
U TvojEgo SYna GOSpȯdina, MAtko IZvolena, MArija!
ZYsči nam, SPųšti nam, KYrie ELeison.

TvojEgo DĚla KŘstitelja, BOžiče,
USlyši GLAsy, NApolni MYslь ČLOvěčьje;
SLyši MOLitvų, Ǫž NOsimo,
I DAj RĄči, JEGož PROsimy:
NA světě ZBOžny PObyt,
PO životě RAjsko PRĚbytie.
KYrie ELeison.

Interslavic (ABČŽ with archaisms)
(Neutralized pan-Slavic, with first-syllable stress)

BOgoroDica, DĚvica, BOgom SLAvljena MArija,
U TvojEgo SYna GOSpȯdina, MAtko IZvolena, MArija!
DAj nam, SPųšti nam, GOSpodi POmiluj.

TvojEgo DĚla KRĚstitelja, BOžiče,
USlyši GLAsy, NApolni MYslь ČLOvěčьje;
SLyši MOLitvų, Ǫž NOsimo,
I DAj RĄči, JEGož PROsimy:
NA světě ZBOžny PObyt,
PO životě RAjsko PRĚbytie.
GOSpodi POmiluj.

Interslavic (Cyrillic with archaisms)
(First-syllable stress likewise)

БОгoрoДицa, ДѢвицa, БОгoмъ СЛaвленa МАрїja,
У Твоjегo СЫнa ГОспȯдинa, МАткo ИЗволенa, МАрїja!
ДАj нaмъ, СПѫшти нaмъ, ГОспoди ПОмилуj.

Твоjегo ДѢлa КРстителja, БОжиче,
УСлыши ГЛaсы, НАпoлни МЫсль ЧЕЛовѣчьje;
СЛыши МОлитвѫ, Ѫж НОсимo,
И ДАj РѪчи, ЄГoж ПРОсимo:
НА свѣтѣ ЗБОжны ПОбыт,
ПО животѣ РАjскo ПРЕбытiе.
ГОспoди ПОмилуj.

Early Góralski (Slovak/Podhale Highlander speech)

BOgorodźica, DZiewica,  

BOgiym sławiyńo Maryjo,  

U TWEgo Syńa Gospodyńa,  

MAtko zwolyno Maryjo!  

ZYScyj nom, SPuści nom,  

Kyrie eleison.  

TWEgo dziela Krsciciyla, Bożyce,  

USłys głośi, NApóń myśli ćłowiecze.  

SŁys modlitwę, jům nosimy,  

A DOj raci, jegoż prosimy:  

NA świycie zbożny pobyt,  

PO żywocie rajski przebycie.  

Kyrie eleison.   

Comparison table (key words from Bogurodzica)

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic (latin / cyrillic)	Polski ~1410 🇵🇱	Early Polish ~XI c. 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	O.C.S. ☦️
Mother of God	Bogorodica / Богородица	BoguRodzica	BogoRodica	Богородица	Богородица
Virgin	děvica / дѣвица	Dziewica	DĚvica	дева	дѣва
Mary	Marija / Марїја	Maria	Marija	Мария	Марїа
Lord	Gospȯdin / Госпȯдин	Gospodzin	Gospȯdin	Господь	Господь
Chosen	izvolena / изволена	zwolena	izvolena	избранная	избрана
Grant / bestow	daj rąči / дај рѫчи	dać raczy	daj rąči	дай благоволи	даждь изволи
Hear (imp.)	uslyši / услыши	usłysz	uslyši	услышь	услыши
Voices	glasy / гласы	głosy	glasy	голоса	гласы
Human	člověčьje / человѣчьje	człowiecze	člověčьje	человеческий	человѣчьскъ
Prayer	molitvų / молитвѫ	modlitwę	molitvų	молитву	молитву
Which (rel.)	ǫž / ѫж	jąż	ǫž	юже	ѫже
World	světě / свѣтѣ	świecie	světě	свете	святѣ
Pious	zbožny / збожны	zbożny	zbožny	благочестивый	благочестивъ
Life	životě / животѣ	żywocie	životě	жизни	животѣ
Abode	prěbytie / пребытїе	przebyt	prěbytie	пребывание	пребытиѥ
Paradise	rajьsko / райьско	rajski	rajьsko	райский	райскъ

Kyrie eleison

The refrain Kyrie eleison is Greek: Κύριε ἐλέησον. It means “Lord, have mercy.” It entered the earliest Slavic liturgy directly from Byzantine Christianity, before full translation into local tongues. In later Slavic usage it was often replaced with the calque Gospodi pomiluj (Interslavic), Господи помилуй (Russian, OCS), or Gospodi smiluj se (South Slavic). However, in medieval Poland the Greek form was preserved in Bogurodzica, which is why we still sing it that way today. This mixture of Greek and Slavic shows how Christianity arrived to the Slavs through Constantinople and Moravia, blending new sacred words with native speech.

Polish_Bible

Otec

Sound ń vs nь

Introduction

English:
The difference between nь and ń is simple. nь is the Old Church Slavonic / Proto-Slavic notation: an n softened by a very short front vowel (the jer ь). ń is the modern palatal nasal [ɲ] that developed after the jer disappeared. In Interslavic we write ń in Latin when we want the living sound, and нь in Cyrillic. When we cite older forms, we show nь (OCS). Example: OCS konь → Interslavic koń / конь.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Razlika meždu nь i ń jest prostá. nь jest staroslovjansko/praslovjansko pisanje: n s kråtkim prednim glasnikom (jer ь). ń jest novy palatalny nazal [ɲ], ktory se razvilo posle izčeznųtja jera. V Interslavjanskom pišemo ń v latini, a нь v kirilici; pri citovanju staroj formy pokazujemo nь (OCS). Primer: OCS konь → Interslavjansko koń / конь.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Разлика междy нь и ń проста. ньн съ кратким предним гласником (ѥр ь). ń єсть новы палаталны назал [ɲ], кторы развилсе послѣ исчезнанја ѥра. В Интерславянском пишемъ ń въ латини, а нь въ кирилици; при цитовани старои формы показуемъ нь (OCS). Пример: OCS конь → Интерславянско коń / конь.

Extended Word Evolution Examples

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
horse	koń / конь	koń	конь	кінь	konj	konь
day	dń / днь	dzień	день	день	dan	dьnь
shadow	těń / тєнь	cień	тень	тінь	tijen	těnь
root	korěń / корєнь	korzeń	корень	корінь	korijen	korěnь
stone	kamień / камєнь	kamień	камень	камінь	kamen	kamenь
autumn	osěń / осєнь	jesień	осень	осінь	jesen	osěnь
memory	pamęť / памєть	pamięć	память	пам’ять	pamćenje	pamętь
blue	siń / синь	sinie	синий	синій	sinj	sinь
Lord’s (adj.)	gospodńi / господньи	pański	господний	господній	gospodnji	gospodьnь
Sunday	nedělja / недєља	niedziela	неделя	неділя	nedjelja	nedělьnь dьnь
inhabitant	žitelj / житељ	mieszkaniec	житель	житель	žitelj	žitelь
strength	silńi / сильни	silny	сильный	сильний	silni	silьnь
length	dĺgost / длъгост	długość	длина	довжина	dužina	dъlgьnь
earthly	zemńi / земньи	ziemski	земной	земний	zemaljski	zemьnь
internal	vnųtrńi / внутрьни	wewnętrzny	внутренний	внутрішній	unutarnji	vъnųtrьnь

Conclusion

English:
So whenever you see nь, think of Old Church Slavonic and Proto-Slavic roots; when you see ń (or нь in Cyrillic), think of Interslavic and modern Slavic speech. One shows where the word came from, the other shows how it is used today.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Kogda ty vidiš nь, dumaj o staroslovjanskyh i praslovjanskyh korenjah; kogda vidiš ń (abo нь v kirilici), dumaj o interslavjanskom i sovremennom govorenju. Jedno pokazuje odkud slovo prišlo, drugo pokazuje kako ono žive dnes.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Когда ты видишъ нь, думай о старословѣнскихъ и прасловѣнскихъ кореняхъ; когда видишъ ń (или нь въ кирилици), думай о интерславянскомъ и современномъ говоренїи. Єдно показує откуду слово пришло, друго показує како оно живетъ днесь.

Sound å vs ȯ

Introduction

English:
In Proto-Slavic, linguists sometimes use special symbols to mark vowels that do not exist in modern alphabets. Two of the most interesting are å and ȯ. The letter å represents the continuation of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) long ā, which in Slavic shifted slightly toward an o-like sound. It was a strong and long vowel, preserved in words like dåmъ (home, house), båti sę (to be afraid), or mati (mother). In contrast, the letter ȯ represents the Proto-Slavic back yer (ъ), a very short and weak vowel somewhere between o and a. It appears in words like sȯlnьce (sun) and dȯbrъ (good). Over time, ȯ often disappeared or changed differently in each Slavic language, while å gave stable, strong vowels. Understanding these sounds is central to reconstructing the history of Slavic speech.

Slavic (Latin):
V protoslavjanskom jezyku lingvisty nekogda ispol’zujut osobne znaky dlja glasov, ktoryh net v sovremennych azbukah. Dva iz najinteresnějših sut å i ȯ. Bukva å pokazuje prodolženje indojevropejskogo dlinnogo ā, ktore v slavjanskom jezyku preměstilo se bliže k zvuku o. To byl silny i dolg glas, zachovany v slovah kak dåmъ (dom), båti se (bojati se), ili mati (mati). V protivnosti, bukva ȯ označava protoslavjansky zadny jer (ъ), mnogo kratok i slab glas meždu o i a. On jest v slovah kak sȯlnьce (sunce) i dȯbrъ (dobry). S časom ȯ čęsto isčezl ili izměnil se različno v každym slavjanskom jezyku, dokåle å ostal silny i jasny. Razuměnje tych glasov jest ključno dlja rekonstrukcije istorije slavjanske govorby.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Въ протославјанскомъ језыку лингвисты некогда исполꙗјутъ особнѣ знакы для гласовъ, кторыхъ нѣтъ въ современнихъ азбукахъ. Два изъ наjинтереснѣјшихъ суть å и ȯ. Буква å показује продолженїе индоевропеjскаго длѣннаго ā, кторое въ словианскомъ језыку премѣстило се ближе къ звуку о. То былъ сильны и долгъ гласъ, сохранены въ словахъ ꙗко dåmъ (домъ), båti se (боꙗти се), или mati (мати). Въ противности, буква ȯ означава протославјанскы задны єръ (ъ), много кратъкъ и слабъ гласъ междоу о и а. Онъ ѥсть въ словахъ ꙗко sȯlnьce (солнце) и dȯbrъ (добры). Съ часомъ ȯ често исчезлъ или измѣнилъ се различно въ каждомъ словианскомъ језыку, доколь å осталъ сильны и ꙗсны. Разумѣнїе тыхъ гласовъ ѥсть ключно для реконструкцїи исторїи словианскы говорьбы.

Comparison Table of Key Words with å and ȯ

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic Latin / Cyrillic	Polski 🇵🇱	Русский 🇷🇺	Українська 🇺🇦	BCMS 🇷🇸🇭🇷	O.C.S. ☦️
house	dåmъ / домъ	dom	дом	дім	dom	домъ
to be afraid	båti se / боꙗти се	bać się	бояться	боятися	bojati se	боꙗти
mother	mati / мати	matka	мать	мати	majka	мати
god	bogъ / богъ	Bóg	Бог	Бог	Bog	богъ
lord, master	gospodi / господи	gospod	господь	господь	gospodin	господь
good	dȯbrъ / добръ	dobry	добрый	добрий	dobar	добръ
sun	sȯlnьce / слънце	słońce	солнце	сонце	sunce	слънце
full	pȯlnъ / пълнъ	pełny	полный	повний	pun	пълнъ
black	čȯrnъ / чрьнъ	czarny	чёрный	чорний	crn	чрьнъ
short	krȯtkъ / кратъкъ	krótki	краткий	короткий	kratak	кратъкъ
thick	tȯlstъ / толстъ	tłusty	толстый	товстий	tust	толстъ
son	synъ (no å/ȯ here, compare) / сынъ	syn	сын	син	sin	сынъ
dream	sȯnъ / сънъ	sen	сон	сон	san	сънъ
heavy	tȯžьkъ / тѫжъкъ	ciężki	тяжёлый	тяжкий	težak	тѫжъкъ
to carry	nȯsiti / носити	nosić	носить	носити	nositi	носити

Freising Fragments (Slovene: Brižinski spomeniki)

Introduction

English:
The Freising Fragments (Slovene: Brižinski spomeniki) are the oldest continuous Slavic texts written in the Latin alphabet, dated to approximately 972–1039. Found in Freising, Bavaria, they are inscribed in a Carantanian dialect of Old Slavic, very close to early Slovene. These manuscripts consist of three short church texts—two confessional prayers and one homily—preserved in a Latin codex, likely used in ecclesiastical instruction in the Eastern Alps. Linguistically, they preserve archaic features such as nasal vowels and ancient grammatical forms, making them invaluable to Slavic philology and cultural heritage.

Slavic (Latin):
Frejzingske fragmenty (Brižinski spomeniki) sut najstarějši nepretrvany slovianski teksty v latinskom pismu, datovany do okolo 972–1039. Oni byli najdeny v Frejzingu, v Bavarii, i jezyk jest karantansky dialekt staroslovjanskogo, blizky ranej slovenski. Teksty sostoje iz trěh cerkovnych form: dva ispovědnich formulě i edna homilija, zachovany v latinskom kodeksu, verojatno ispol’zovany v cerkovnom učenju v Vostočnyh Alpah. Lingvisto, oni hranjat archaicne osobiny takų kak nosovye glasy i stari gramatični formy, i sut neocěnimo cěnni za slavjansku filologiju i kulturno dědičstvo.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Фрейзингске фрагменты (Брижински споменики) суть најстарѣјши непретрваны словиански тексты в латинскому писму, датованы околo 972–1039. Они были найдены въ Фрейзингу, въ Баварии, и єзык єсть карантаньскы диалект старословианского, близкы ранеј словенске. Тексты состояли из трѣх церковныхъ формул: два исповѣдны формулы и єдна хомилїя, сохранены въ латинскомъ кодексе, вероятно использованы въ церковномъ научанїи въ Восточнихъ Альпахъ. За лингвистовъ они хранятъ архаичны черты, тако же носовыє гласы и старѣ граматичны формы, дѣлају ихъ неоценимо цѣнными за славианску филологију и културно дѣдићство.

First Fragment (Homily on Sin and Repentance)

English:
Brothers, as long as we live in this world, we must think of our sins and repent, so that God may forgive us. For we are weak and sinful, but God is merciful and just, and he forgives those who confess their sins with a sincere heart.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Bratja, dokolěko živemo na sem světu, dolži sme mysleti o naših grěhih i pokajati se, da bi Bog odpustil nam. Ibo sme slabi i grěšni, no Bog jest milostivy i pravedny, i on odpustja tym, ktori ispovědaju grěhi svoji s čistym srdcem.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Братја, доколѣко живемо на семь свѣту, должи смо мыслити о нашихъ грѣсѣхъ и покаяти се, да би Богъ отпустилъ намъ. Ибо смо слаби и грѣшни, но Богъ ѥсть милостивы и праведны, и онъ отпустја тымъ, кторі исповѣдајутъ грѣхи своjи съ чистымъ сердцемъ.

Second Fragment (Confessional Prayer)

English:
I come today before you, merciful Lord, and confess that all my deeds are sinful, my thoughts are sinful, my words are sinful, my deeds are sinful, and all my sins. And I beg you, Lord, forgive me, just as a brother forgives his brother, so you forgive me. Thus I beg you, Lord, and all the saints, that you may be merciful to me forever and ever. Amen.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Pridȯm dnes pred tebe, milostivy Gospodi, i izpovědam se, že sut mi vse děla grěšna, i mysli grěšne, i slova grěšna, i děla grěšna, i vse grěhi moje. I molim te, Gospodi, odpusti mi, kako odpuščaje brat bratu, i ty odpusti mene. Tako te molim, Gospodi, i vsim svetym, da budeš mi milostiv na věky věkov. Amen.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Придȯм днес пред тебе, милостивы Господи, и исповѣдам се, же сѫт ми всѣ дѣла грѣшна, и мысли грѣшне, и слова грѣшна, и дѣла грѣшна, и всѣ грѣхи моје. И молим те, Господи, отпусти ми, како отпущає брат брату, и ты отпусти мене. Тако те молим, Господи, и всѣм свѧтым, да будеши ми милостивъ на вѣкы вѣковъ. Аминь.

Third Fragment (Short Confession)

English:
Lord, I confess before you my many sins, those known and unknown, those in thought, in word, and in deed. Forgive me, merciful Lord, and grant me your grace, that I may live rightly from now on.

Slavic (ABČŽ):
Gospodi, ispovědam pred toboju mnoge grěhi moje, znane i neznane, v mysli, v slovu i v dělu. Odpusti mi, milostivy Gospodi, i daj mi blagodat tvoju, da byh žil pravě ot sej chvíli.

Slavic (Cyrillic):
Господи, исповѣдам пред тобоју многе грѣхи моје, знанѣ и незнанѣ, въ мысли, въ слову и въ дѣлу. Отпусти ми, милостивы Господи, и даj ми благодатъ твоју, да бихъ жилъ правѣ отъ сей хвили.

Comparison Table of Key Words

English 🇬🇧🇺🇸	Interslavic	Русский 🇷🇺	Polski 🇵🇱	Українська 🇺🇦	Srpskohrvatski 🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦🇲🇪	O.C.S. ☦️
Lord	Gospodi / Господи	Господи	Panie	Господи	Gospode	Господи
sin	grěh / грѣх	грех	grzech	гріх	grijeh	грѣхъ
confess	izpovědati / исповѣдати	исповедовать	spowiadać	сповідати	ispovijedati	исповѣдати
forgive	odpustiti / отпустити	простить	odpuścić	простити	oprostiti	отпустити
pray	moliti / молити	молиться	modlić się	молитися	moliti se	молити